Evolution of Verb Forms Across Wibbayuric and Ngoraic Languages
▲
2▲ 2 ▼ 0
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 12 Sep 2021, 13:01.
[comments] prwpwbuydtcqnkd
2. descendant
?
?
6. semitic style
?
?
7. Sound changes
?
?
Proto-Wibbayuric-Ngoraic and the various languages descended from it.Pre-Wibbayuric had seven non-finite verb forms: the active middle, and passive gerunds, the first active, middle, and passive participles, and the second participle.
Using the example verb pōṟ- "drink"
active gerund: pōṟehog
passive gerund: pōṟethog
middle gerund: pōṟeḡethog
1st active participle: pōṟemo
1st passive participle: pōṟethemo
1st middle participle: pōṟeḡemo
2nd participle: pōṟse
The passive and middle 2nd participles are formed not by means of unique suffixes, but rather though the use of the standard passive and middle forms that occur in finite verb forms (i.e. passive pōpōṟse, middle pōḡepōḡeṟse); thus, they are not included here.
Evolution to Old Wibbayuric:
Proto-Wibbayuric-Ngoraic | Proto-Wibbayuric | ||
---|---|---|---|
active gerund | pōṟehog | → active gerund | búlihu |
passive gerund | pōṟethog | → passive gerund | búlitu |
middle gerund | pōṟethog | → middle gerund | búletu |
1st active participle | pōṟemo | → active participle | bulímu |
1st passive participle | pōṟethemo | → passive participle | bulitímu |
1st middle participle | pōṟeḡemo | → middle participle | bulému |
2nd participle | pōṟse | → — |
- The second participle is abandoned entirely, while the rest remain intact.
- The final /g/ of the gerunds is dropped.
Evolution to Uyendur:
Proto-Wibbayuric | Uyendur | ||
---|---|---|---|
active gerund | búlihu | → active gerund | bulixu |
passive gerund | búlitu | → passive gerund | bulitu |
middle gerund | búletu | → — | |
active participle | bulímu | → active participle | bulixumu |
→ active adjectival | (ĭ) bulixum | ||
passive participle | bulitímu | → passive participle | bulitumu |
→ passive adjectival | (ĭ) bulitum | ||
middle participle | bulému | → — |
- The middle voice is lost entirely.
- The participles have changed form, becoming more similar in form to the gerunds.
- Two new adjectival forms are created from the participles.
Evolution to Tuchuqfa:
Proto-Wibbayuric | Tuchuqfa | ||
---|---|---|---|
active gerund | búlihu | → active gerund | púlhu |
passive gerund | búlitu | → passive gerund | púlthu |
middle gerund | búletu | → — | |
1st active participle | bulímu | → active participle | plím |
1st passive participle | bulitímu | → — | |
1st middle participle | bulému | → passive participle | plém |
Evolution to Gosudondiul:
Proto-Wibbayuric | Gosudondiul | ||
---|---|---|---|
active gerund | búlihu | → active gerund | búlyo |
passive gerund | búlitu | → passive gerund | bobúlyo |
middle gerund | búletu | → middle gerund | bóibleho |
1st active participle | bulímu | → active participle | bolímo |
1st passive participle | bulitímu | → passive participle | boltímo |
1st middle participle | bulému | → middle participle | bolémo |
- The middle voice is retained.
- The passive infinitives are regularized, employing the standard passive form of active verbs plus the standard infinitive or participle ending, as is done with the 2nd participle in Proto-Wibbayuric-Ngoraic.
Evolution to Ngankedic (I've skipped the Old Ngoraic step, between Pre-Wibbayuric and Ngankedic):
Proto-Wibbayuric | Ngankedic | ||
---|---|---|---|
active gerund | pōṟehog | → infinitive | pōṅkap |
passive gerund | pōṟethog | → — | |
middle gerund | pōṟeḡethog | → — | |
1st active participle | pōṟemo | → 1st participle | apnīm |
1st passive participle | pōṟethemo | → — | |
1st middle participle | pōṟeḡemo | → — | |
2nd participle | pōṟse | → 2nd participle | ponse |
- The middle voice is lost.
- The passive infinitives and participles are regularized, employing the standard passive form of active verbs plus the standard infinitive or participle ending, as is done with the 2nd participle in Proto-Wibbayuric-Ngoraic (i.e. passive infinitive opāpaṅkap, passive participle opapnīm 2nd passive participle opāpanse).
Proto-Wibbayuric-Ngoraic had seven finite tenses: four morphological tenses, and three periphrastic tenses: aorist, perfect I, future, imperfect, perfect II (immutative), and imperfect II (persistive), perfect III (remote/discontinuous). Imperfect II developed later in the language's history, only in the Wibbayuric branch; thus, it is not present in the Ngoraic branch. Examples here use the 1st person suffix -e:
aorist: -Ø - pōṟe
perfect I: -(e)t - pōṟete
future: -(e)ṅw - pōṟeṅwe
imperfect I: -(e)nc - pōṟence
perfect II: -se khī - pōṟse khīḡe
perfect III: -se zǣm - pōṟse zǣme
imperfect II: -se nō - pōṟse nōḡe
Evolution to Old Wibbayuric:
Early Proto-Wibbayuric-Ngoraic | Late Proto-Wibbayuric-Ngoraic (Pre-Wibbayuric) | Proto-Wibbayuric | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
aorist | pōṟe | → nonpast | búli | ||
perfect I | pōṟete | → past | búlida | ||
future | pōṟeṅwe | → — → future (dialect only) | búlingi | ||
imperfect I | pōṟence | → — | |||
perfect II | pōṟse khīḡe | → nonpast perfect | búlkii | ||
→ past perfect | búlkiid(a) | ||||
perfect III | pōṟse zǣme | → remote past | búlyami | ||
— | imperfect II | pōṟse nōḡe | → nonpast progressive | búlnui | |
→ past progressive | búlnuid(a) |
- The aorist and perfect I changed meaning and became nonpast and past tenses respectively
- The morphological future and imperfect I were dropped
- The remote past was only present in the earliest forms of Proto-Wibbayuric, and did not survive into any descendants
- the periphrastic perfect II and imperfect II were grammaticalized as suffixes: the 2nd participle ending -se was dropped, and the following verb became fused to the end of the main verb. However, these are now able to combine with the past tense, creating past/nonpast distinction between perfect and progressive.
Evolution to Uyendur:
Proto-Wibbayuric | Uyendur | ||
---|---|---|---|
nonpast | búli | → nonpast progressive | buli |
past | búlida | → past | bulida |
nonpast perfect | búlkii | → nonpast perfect | bulkĭ |
past perfect | búlkiid(a) | → past perfect | bulkĭd |
remote past | búlyami | → — | |
nonpast progressive | búlnui | → nonpast habitual | bulnĕ |
past progressive | búlnuida | → past habitual | bulnĕda |
- the Proto-Wibbayuric nonpast does not survive into Uyendur
- the progressive shifts to a habitual meaning, while the nonpast takes on a progressive meaning
Evolution to Tuchuqfa:
Proto-Wibbayuric | Tuchuqfa | ||
---|---|---|---|
nonpast | búli | → present habitual/progressive | púl |
— | → future habitual/progressive | pĕltár | |
past | búlida | → — | |
nonpast perfect | búlkii | → past simple/habitual/progressive | pĕlkhẽ́ |
past perfect | búlkiid(a) | → pluperfect | pĕlkhẽ́t |
remote past | búlyami | → — | |
nonpast progressive | búlnui | → present continuous | pĕlnṍ |
→ future continuous | pĕlnṍ nĕm | ||
past progressive | búlnuida | → past continuous | pĕlnṍt |
- The future continuous is formed with the adverb nĕm, which is not used elsewhere.
- The simple/perfect/progressive distinction made by Proto-Wibbayuric has been replaced by a simple/continuous/progressive distinction. The progressive is used for ongoing actions, while the continuous is used for ongoing states.
Evolution to Gosudondiul:
Old Wibbayuric | Gosudondiul | ||
---|---|---|---|
nonpast | búli | → present simple | a. búle b. búloi |
past | búlida | → past simple | a. búlida b. búloida |
nonpast perfect | búlkii | present perfect | a. búlki b. búloki |
remote past | búlyami | → — | |
past perfect | búlkiid(a) | → past perfect | a. búlkida b. búlokida |
→ future perfect | a, b. búlokenoi | ||
nonpast progressive | búlnui | ||
→ future simple | a, b. búlonoi | ||
past progressive | búlnuida | → past continuous | a. búlnoida búlonoida |
— | → future-in-past | a, b. brabúloida |
- The Old Wibbayuric remote past is lost.
- The nonpast progressive takes on the role of a future tense; this future tense suffix also combines with the past perfect suffix to create a future perfect form.
- A future-in-past form is innovated.
- A stem variation (one of the morphological moods; see below) is required for all future tenses, as well as all negative forms. The form marked a. is used for affirmative statements, and the form marked b. for negative statements.
Evolution to Ngankedic:
Pre-Wibbayuric | Ngangkedic | ||
---|---|---|---|
aorist | pōṟe | → aorist | epon |
perfect I | pōṟete | → perfect | eponi |
future | pōṟeṅwe | → future | epnaṅ |
imperfect I | pōṟence | → imperfect | epni |
perfect II | pōṟse khīḡe | → — | |
perfect III | pōṟse zǣme | → — |
- The periphrastic tenses were all discarded
- The perfect and imperfect where highly simplified, possibly through influence from Wibbayuric languages
Pre-Wibbayuric had three voices: active, passive, and middle. The middle voice eventually disappeared in the Wibbayuric branch, while in the Ngoraic branch, it developed into a causative. The non-finite forms of these voices were already covered in the non-finite verb form section, so this will deal only with the finite forms. They will be demonstrated using the aorist/nonpast/present form:
Evolution to Old Wibbayuric:
Pre-Wibbayuric | Proto-Wibbayuric | ||
---|---|---|---|
active voice | pōṟe | → active voice | búli |
passive voice | pōpōṟe | → passive voice | bubúli |
middle voice | pōḡepōḡeṟe | → middle voice | búibili |
- Consequent to the loss of ḡ, the vowels of the middle voice become adjacent.
- The base vowel, in this example /u/, is dropped in the second of the two vowels sequences, i.e. /ui/ becomes /i/.
- A stress shift occurs in the middle voice, moving stress from the base to the reduplicant.
Evolution to Uyendur:
Proto-Wibbayuric | Uyendur | ||
---|---|---|---|
active voice | búli | → active voice | buli |
passive voice | bubúli | → passive voice | bĕbli |
middle voice | búibili |
- The middle voice is entirely lost.
- In late Proto-Wibbayuric, the passive and middle voices became interchangeable. By the time of Uyendur, mostly the middle voice form became settled as the passive form.
- The vowels in the first sequence merge, creating a vowel that differs from the original base vowel.
Evolution to Tuchuqfa:
Proto-Wibbayuric | Tuchuqfa | ||
---|---|---|---|
active voice | búli | → active voice | púl |
passive voice | bubúli | → passive voice | pṍpli |
middle voice | búibili |
- The same changes for Uyendur occur also for Tuchuqfa.
Evolution to Gosudondiul:
Proto-Wibbayuric | Gosudondiul | ||
---|---|---|---|
active voice | búli | → active voice | búle |
passive voice | bubúli | → passive voice | bobúle |
middle voice | búibili | → middle voice | bóibeli |
Evolution to Ngankedic:
Pre-Wibbayuric | Ngankedic | ||
---|---|---|---|
active voice | pōṟe | → active voice | epon |
passive voice | pōpōṟe | → passive voice | epāpan |
middle voice | pōḡepōḡeṟe | → causative voice | epēpen |
- The middle voice becomes a causative voice
- The formation of the two voices is partially regularized: The first consonant is reduplicated from the stem itself, but the vowel is consistent across all stems.
The modal system of Wibbayuric languages involves interaction between morphological mood and periphrastic modal particles. The same sort of morphological mood did not develop in the Ngoraic branch.
Evolution to Old Wibbayuric:
Pre-Wibbayuric | Old Wibbayuric | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
indicative | pōṟor | → indicative/realis | búlur | |
potential/speculative | pōṟse anor | → pōṟ-anor | → potential/partial irrealis | búlanur |
inferential/reported | pōṟse oḡoḡor | → pōṟ-ōḡor | → irrealis | búluur |
- This example uses the 3P MASC suffix -or/-ur instead of the 1P suffix -e/-i
- The verbs compound and become fully grammaticalized suffixes
Evolution to Uyendur:
Old Wibbayuric | Uyendur | ||
---|---|---|---|
indicative/realis | búlur | → active voice | bulur |
potential/partial irrealis | búlanur | → transitional | bulanur |
irrealis | búluur | → irrealis | bulĭr |
Evolution to Tuchuqfa:
Old Wibbayuric | Tuchuqfa | ||
---|---|---|---|
indicative/realis | búlur | → realis | púlĕr |
potential/partial irrealis | búlanur | → irrealis | púlnur |
irrealis | búluur | → — |
- Due to sound changes, the original irrealis voice fell out of use. Thus the partial irrealis became the irrealis.
Evolution to Gosudondiul:
Old Wibbayuric | Gosudondiul | ||
---|---|---|---|
indicative/realis | búlur | → active voice | búlor |
potential/partial irrealis | bulánur | → subjunctive | bolánor |
irrealis | búluur | → irrealis | búlur |
irrealis + partial irrealis | *bulánuur | → irrealis subjunctive | bolánur |
- The irrealis mood evolved into a stem that is in complementary distribution with the realis stem. It is required for future tenses and negatives.
- The transitional mood has become a subjunctive, and can now cooccur with the irrealis.
This article outlines the verb forms that have existed in ✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article
Comments