Eklian sentences
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This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 6 Jun 2021, 03:54.
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1. Ekleya tenses
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2. Eklian basics
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3. Eklian numbers
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4. Eklian sentences
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This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
The basic word order VSO (Verb-Subject-Object). Actually the V part is split in two: the main part at the start and the tense marker at the end of the sentence.
Ekleya is an analytic language (despite its morphology the roles of the words are determined by surrounding adpositions.
Sentence structure:
<Main verb> <dependent verbs> <Article (often pronoun)> <Subject Noun> SA <Adjectives> SL <Quantity> NV <possessor> A <Article> <object noun> SA <Adjectives> SL <quantity> NV <possessor> I/HA <postposition> <Adverbs> <Tense marker> <Mood marker (if not declarative)>.
In this structure
- SA /aˢ/ - adjective marker. If you have an adjective who has dependent adjectives they go after SA after it.
- SL /ɪˢ/ - quantity marker.
- NV /ʉ̃/ - possession marker. The possessor goes after it.
- A /a/ - nominative or subject case.
- I /i/ - oblique or object case.
- Ha /aʱ/ - topic nominative case. Used when both the subject and the object are in nominative case.
Imperative sentence doesn't differ much from declarative. To make imperative sentence you need to use "ju" (command) word at the end of the sentence before tense marker.
Example: Come here.
sI ji a je i no ju (u)
Si ji a je i no ju (u)
GLOSS: Go 2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you) NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument 3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee OBLOblique (argument)
indirect or demoted object DIRDirective (case)
motion arriving at, position next to IMPImperative (mood)
command (PRESPresent tense (tense)
current)
If you don't care of when the command must be executed you don't use the tense marker.
NOTE: the subject can be dropped if it is second person and the number of "you" is understandable by context.
So you can shorten the sentence to sI je i no ju. Si je i no ju.
If you use exclamation in the sentence you need to use "jo" word at the end of the sentence. So "Come here now!" will be:
sI ji a je i no ju u jo.
Si ji a je i no ju u jo.
GLOSS: Go 2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you) NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument 3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee OBLOblique (argument)
indirect or demoted object DIRDirective (case)
motion arriving at, position next to IMPImperative (mood)
command PRESPresent tense (tense)
current exclame
Sentences like "No smoking!" will look like this:
sIhau huju jo.
Sihau huju jo.
GLOSS: Smoke NEGNegative (polarity)
not-IMPImperative (mood)
command exclame
Imperative sentences also can be used as declaring that someone had to do something in the past or has to do something in a future.
For example: I had to help him.
Ahq ja a je i ju e.
Ahø ja a je i ju e.
GLOSS: Help 1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument 3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee OBLOblique (argument)
indirect or demoted object IMPImperative (mood)
command PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.
All the questions are formed using "Ni" word. Note that Eklia doesn't use question mark at all: you always use dot at the end of the sentence.
The yes-no question starts with "Ni" and continues as a regular declarative sentence.
Example: Are you at home?
nI u ji a je uo i å u.
Ni u ji a je uo i å u.
GLOSS: QInterrogative
question be 2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you) NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument 3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee home OBLOblique (argument)
indirect or demoted object in PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
In the wh-questions "Ni" goes before the thing you're asking about, where in English the would be wh-word.
Example: What do you do here?
Ü ji a ni je i na u.
Ü ji a ni je i na u.
GLOSS: do 2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you) NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument WHQWh-question
interrogative using question pronoun (Eng WH-words) 3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee OBLOblique (argument)
indirect or demoted object LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
When you make question about location or time, or when you , you use "Ni" as an article.
Example: Where are you?
U ji a ni i na u.
U ji a ni i na u.
GLOSS: Be 2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you) NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument WHQWh-question
interrogative using question pronoun (Eng WH-words) OBLOblique (argument)
indirect or demoted object LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
Example: What killed him?
Üho ni a je i e.
Üho ni a je i e.
GLOSS: Kill WHQWh-question
interrogative using question pronoun (Eng WH-words) NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument 3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee OBLOblique (argument)
indirect or demoted object PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
Or
Example: Who killed him?
Üho ni nu a je i e.
Üho ni nu a je i e.
GLOSS: Kill WHQWh-question
interrogative using question pronoun (Eng WH-words) man NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument 3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee OBLOblique (argument)
indirect or demoted object PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
BUT:
Example: Who are you?
U ni ji a u.
U ni ji a u.
GLOSS: Be WHQWh-question
interrogative using question pronoun (Eng WH-words) 2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you) NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
English definiting relative clause may be translated to Eklian in 2 ways:
Example sentence: I see the man who buys an apple.
1. Adjectival:
hA ja a je nu sa söhi sa aino i u.
Ha ja a je nu sa aino sa söhi i u.
GLOSS: See 1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument 3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee man ADJAdjectival
syntactic buy ADJAdjectival
syntactic apple OBLOblique (argument)
indirect or demoted object PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
In can be translated as: I see the apple-buyer man.
2. With "hase" keyword:
hA ja a hase je nu, söhi je a je aino i u, i u.
Ha ja a hase je nu, söhi je a je aino i u, i u.
GLOSS: See 1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument OBJCLObject clause (syntax)
word modifies or describes the main object 3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee man, buy 3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument 3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee apple OBLOblique (argument)
indirect or demoted object PRESPresent tense (tense)
current, OBLOblique (argument)
indirect or demoted object PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
Here the word "nu" (man) may be either in the main sentence or in the dependent.
We can extend the sentence adding the description of the man:
I see the man, the fool who buys an apple.
hA ja a hase je nu, söhi je nusånë a je aino i u, i u.
Ha ja a hase je nu, söhi je nusånë a je aino i u, i u.
GLOSS: See 1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument OBJCLObject clause (syntax)
word modifies or describes the main object 3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee man, buy 3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee fool NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument 3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee apple OBLOblique (argument)
indirect or demoted object PRESPresent tense (tense)
current, OBLOblique (argument)
indirect or demoted object PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
Note: In casual speech and writing people often drop last "i" if it has no postposition.
Note: In complex sentences if two or more sentences are in the same tense you can use the tense marker only at the last sentence.
The shortened form of the second sentence will be: hA ja a hase je nu, söhi je aino i, u. Ha ja a hase je nu, söhi je aino i, u.
Conditional sentences are formed using "Nul" (if) or"Hjo" (when) word at the beginning or at the end of the if-sentence.
Example: If we go to the shop, I will buy the new clothes.
nUl si jaa a je nasöhi i no o, sqhi ja a jee hånu sa ö i o.
Nul si jaa a je nasöhi i no o, søhi ja a jee hånu sa ö i o.
GLOSS: If go 1PFirst person plural (person)
we (inclusive or exclusive) NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument 3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee shop OBLOblique (argument)
indirect or demoted object DIRDirective (case)
motion arriving at, position next to FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech, buy 1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument 3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them clothes ADJAdjectival
syntactic new OBLOblique (argument)
indirect or demoted object FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech
OR
sI jaa a je nasqhi i no o nul, sqhi ja a jee hånu sa ö i o.
Si jaa a je nasøhi i no o nul, søhi ja a jee hånu sa ö i o..
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