Phichene Pronouns
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Overview of Phichene pronouns.
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 15 Oct 2019, 12:33.
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3. Phichene Nouns
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4. Phichene Numerals
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5. Phichene Pronouns
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Personal pronouns inflect for case and number, and some of the forms and their pronunciation are irregular. Only the third person pronouns decline for gender as well. In boxes with two pronouns, the first one (the longer one) is the stressed or emphatic variant while the second one is the unstressed variant.
Singular | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
First person | Second person | Third person | |||
Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | |||
Nominative | có [kɔu̯] | thú* [tʊ̯ɔ] | isich [ˈisix], is [is] | idhich [ˈitix], idh [ij] | ihách [jɔa̯x], ihá [jɔa̯] |
Accusative | mé [mɛa̯], mi [mi] | thé* [tɛa̯], thi* [ti] | imich [ˈimix], im [in] | idham [ˈitan], idh [ij] | ihám [jɔa̯n] |
Genitive | moe [mei̯] | thoe* [tei̯] | isisi [ˈisiʃ] | ihási [jɔa̯ʃ] | |
Dative | meghi [ˈmɛʃi] | thebhi [ˈjɛmi] | iehmóe [jɛˈmei̯] | ihái [jɔi̯] | |
Prepositional | medh [mɛj] | thedh [jɛj] | iemódh [jɛˈmɔu̯w] | ihádh [jɔe̯] | |
Plural | |||||
Nominative | nós [nɔu̯s] | vhós [mɔu̯s] | isós [iˈsɔu̯s] | idhá [iˈjɔa̯] | ihás [iˈjɔa̯s] |
Accusative | isódh [iˈsɔu̯w] | ihánth [iˈjɔa̯f] | |||
Genitive | nosthirm [ˈnɔʃin] | vhosthirm [ˈmɔʃin] | isam [ˈisan] | iharm [ˈijan] | |
Dative | nóbhi [ˈnɔu̯mi] | vhóbhi [ˈmɔu̯mi] | isies [ˈiʃɛs] | ihies [ˈijɛs] | |
Prepositional |
*Note: The pronunciation of the consonant [t] in the second person singular pronoun in nominative, accusative and genitive was a later reintroduction or a contamination from surrounding Romance languages.
The reflexive pronoun always refers back to the subject, and it is the same for all persons and numbers. It also lacks the nominative form.
Reflexive | |
---|---|
Nominative | — |
Accusative | sé [sɛa̯], si [ʃi] |
Genitive | sie [ʃe] |
Dative | sebhi [ˈsɛmi] |
Prepositional | sedh [sɛj] |
Possessive pronouns are derived from personal pronouns and inflect like a-stem adjectives. Since the inflected forms are regular, the table below illustrates the pronunciation of differently stressed forms (namely, the stem-stressed forms, indicated by the singular masculine forms; and the ending-stressed forms, indicated by the plural masculine forms).
Base pronoun | Possessive pronoun | ||
---|---|---|---|
Singular masc. | Plural masc. | ||
Singular | có | mihas [ˈmias] | mihós [miˈjɔu̯s] |
thú | thovhas [ˈvomas] | thovhós [voˈmɔu̯s] | |
is (m) | isias [ˈiʃas] | isiós [iˈʃɔu̯s] | |
ihá (f) | |||
idh (n) | |||
Plural | nós | nosthiras [ˈnoʃiras] | nosthirós [noʃiˈrɔu̯s] |
vhós | vhesthiras [ˈmeʃiras] | vhesthirós [meʃiˈrɔu̯s] | |
isós (m) | isiras [ˈiʃiras] | isirós [iʃiˈrɔu̯s] | |
ihás (f) | |||
idhá (n) | |||
Reflexive | —, sé | sovhas [ˈsomas] | sovhós[soˈmɔu̯s] |
The interrogative pronouns do not inflect for number, and gender is indicated only in nominative and accusative.
Interrogative | ||
---|---|---|
Masc. and fem. | Neuter | |
Nominative | pis [pis] | pidh [pej] |
Accusative | pim [pin] | |
Genitive | pihes [ˈpijes], pihis [ˈpijis] | |
Dative | pióe [pjei̯] | |
Prepositional | piedh [pjɛj] |
The neuter form pidh (pronounced /pij~pi/, however, and never stressed) is also used as a question particle in yes-no questions.
Example:
- Pidh im nhóschis? “Do you know him?”
The relative pronouns, on the other hand, inflect for number and gender.
Relative | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural** | |||||
Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | |
Nominative | poe [pei̯] | podh [poj] | pái [pɔi̯] | pós [pɔu̯s] | pá [pɔa̯] | pás [pɔa̯s] |
Accusative | pom [pon] | pám [pɔa̯n] | ponth [pɔf] | pánth [pɔa̯f] | ||
Genitive | potias [ˈpɔt͡ʃas] | pátias [ˈpɔa̯t͡ʃas] | parm [pan] | párm [pɔa̯n] | ||
Dative | polmoe* [ˈpɔu̯mei̯] | pálmoe* [ˈpɔa̯mei̯] | pies [pjɛs] | |||
Prepositional | pódh [pɔu̯w] | pádh [pɔe̯] |
*Note: Due to the influence of a-stem adjectives, the dative forms also have non-standard colloquial forms polmóe [puˈmei̯] and pálmái [paˈmɔi̯].
**Note: In the spoken language, longer forms are increasingly used, formed by using the stem por- for masculine and neuter forms and pár- for feminine forms; and the forms are then inflected like regular a-stem adjectives. These stems are often used in prepositional singular as well (but not in other singular forms).
The demonstrative pronouns inflect for gender and number. There are three demonstrative pronouns: vach "this" (proximal), isth "that" (medial), and voln "that there, yonder" (distal). However, two common dialectal forms (see the following section) for the proximal and distal pronouns have been increasingly used for some time now and seem to be gradually displacing the standard forms. The medial pronouns are falling out of use as well, being replaced by the distal forms only.
vach “this” (proximal) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||||
Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | |
Nominative | vach [vax], va [va] | vadh [vaj] | vái [vɔa̯] | vós [vɔu̯s] | vách [vɔa̯x], vá [xɔa̯] | vás [vɔa̯s] |
Accusative | vam [van] | vám [vɔa̯n] | vonth [vɔf] | vanth [vaf] | ||
Genitive | vas [vas] | vás [vɔa̯s] | vam [van] | várm [vɔa̯n] | ||
Dative | vóech [vei̯x], vóe [vei̯] | vies [vjɛs] | ||||
Prepositional | vódh [vɔu̯w] | vádh [vɔe̯] |
isth “that” (medial) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||||
Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | |
Nominative | isthich [ˈiʃix], isth [iʃ] | isthadh [ˈiʃaj] | isthá [iˈʃɔa̯] | isthós [iˈʃɔu̯s] | isthách [iˈʃɔa̯x], isthá [iˈʃɔa̯] | isthás [vɔa̯s] |
Accusative | istham [ˈiʃan] | isthám [iˈʃɔa̯n] | isthonth [ˈiʃɔf] | isthanth [ˈiʃaf] | ||
Genitive | isthas [ˈiʃas] | isthás [iˈʃɔa̯s] | istham [ˈiʃan] | isthárm [iˈʃɔa̯n] | ||
Dative | isthóech [iˈʃei̯x], isthóe [iˈʃei̯] | isthies [ˈiʃjɛs] | ||||
Prepositional | isthódh [iˈʃɔu̯w] | isthádh [iˈʃɔe̯] |
voln “yonder” (distal) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||||
Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | |
Nominative | volnich [ˈvɔu̯nix], voln [vɔu̯n] | volnadh [ˈvɔu̯naj] | volná [vuˈnɔa̯] | volnós [vuˈnɔu̯s] | volnách [vuˈnɔa̯x], volná [vuˈnɔa̯] | volnás [vuˈnɔa̯s] |
Accusative | volnam [ˈvɔu̯nan] | volnám [vuˈnɔa̯n] | volnonth [ˈvɔu̯nɔf] | volnanth [ˈvɔu̯naf] | ||
Genitive | volnas [ˈvɔu̯nas] | volnás [vuˈnɔa̯s] | volnam [ˈvɔu̯nan] | volnárm [vuˈnɔa̯n] | ||
Dative | volnóech [vuˈnei̯x], volnóe [vuˈnei̯] | volnies [ˈvɔu̯ɲɛs] | ||||
Prepositional | volnódh [vuˈnɔu̯w] | volnádh [vuˈnɔe̯] |
Below are the two common dialectal versions of the proximal and distal demonstrative pronouns that are displacing the standard ones in the spoken language, and increasingly so in the written language as well.
cas “this” (proximal) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||||
Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | |
Nominative | cas [kas] | cam [kan] | cá [kɔa̯] | ciós [kjɔu̯s] | ciá [kjɔa̯] | ciás [kjɔa̯s] |
Accusative | cam [kan] | cám [kɔa̯n] | cionth [kjɔf] | cianth [kjaf] | ||
Genitive | casi [kaʃ] | cás [kɔa̯s] | ciam [kjan] | ciárm [kjɔa̯n] | ||
Dative | cióe [kjei̯] | ciái [kjɔi̯] | cies [kjɛs] | |||
Prepositional | ciódh [kjɔu̯w] | ciádh [kjɔe̯] |
uras “that” (distal) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||||
Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | |
Nominative | uras [ˈuras] | uram [ˈuran] | urá [uˈrɔa̯] | urós [uˈrɔu̯s] | urá [uˈrɔa̯] | urás [uˈrɔa̯s] |
Accusative | uram [ˈuran] | urám [uˈrɔa̯n] | uronth [ˈurɔf] | uranth [ˈuraf] | ||
Genitive | urasi [ˈuraʃ] | urás [uˈra̯s] | uram [ˈuran] | urárm [uˈrɔa̯n] | ||
Dative | uróe [uˈrei̯] | urái [uˈrɔi̯] | uries [ˈuʒɛs] | |||
Prepositional | uródh [uˈrɔu̯w] | urádh [uˈrɔe̯] |
Other pronouns include:
- Relative (subs.): pich [pix] “who”, pidhich [ˈpitix] or [pix] “what” (declined like pis with -ch (after a vowel) or -ich (after a consonant) added)
- Relative (adj.): pálich [ˈpɔa̯lix] “what (kind, condition, etc)” (declined like pális with -ch or -ich added)
- Indefinite (subs.): velipis [ˈvɛi̯pis] “something”, velipidh [ˈvɛi̯pij] “something” (declined like pis)
- Indefinite (adj.): velipális [vɛi̯ˈpɔa̯lis] “some (kind/sort of)” (declined like pis); velipóe [vɛi̯ˈpei̯] “some” (declined like poe)
- Interrogative (adj.): pális [ˈpɔa̯lis] “what (kind, condition, etc)” (declined like an i-stem adjective)
- Total (adj.): aphnis [ˈafnis] “every” (declined like an i-stem adjective); vaphpális [vaˈp:ɔa̯lis] "every (kind, conditioon, etc.)” (declined like pális)
- Total (subs.): vaphpis [ˈvap:is] “everyone”, vaphpidh [ˈvap:ij] “everthing” (declined like pis)
- Indefinite relative (subs.): pispi [ˈpispi] “whoever”, pidhpi [ˈpijpi] “whatever” (declined like pis with -pi added)
- Indefinite relative (adj.): pálispi [ˈpɔa̯lispi] “whichever”; pálichpi [ˈpɔa̯lixpi] “whatever (kind, condition, etc)” (declined like pális and pálich with -pi added, respectively)
- Negative (subs.): nipis [ˈnipis] “nobdy”, nioenis [ˈɲenis] “nothing” (declined like pis)
- Negative (adj.): nipális [niˈpɔa̯lis] “no, none”, nioenális [ɲeˈnɔa̯lis] (or nihális [ˈɲɔa̯lis]) “no, not any” (declined like an i-stem adjective)
- Possessive (adj.): pihas [ˈpijas] “whose” (declined like an a-stem adjective)
- Summative (adj): vis “all, entire” (declined like an i-stem adjective)
- Relational (adj): pothripis “which of two” (declined like an i-stem adjective)
- valthras [ˈvɔa̯vras] “(the) other, else” (declined like an a-stem adjective), often used in conjunction with the summative pronoun, vis valthras “everyone else, all the others”
- thális [ˈtɔa̯lis] “such, like this” (declined like an i-stem adjective)
- ithantas [ˈjɔa̯tas] “(so) much, (so) many” (declined like an a-stem adjective)
- pantas [ˈpɔa̯tas] “how much, how many” (a-stem)
- vampó [[vɔˈpɔu̯] “both” (declined in plural only like an a-stem adjective)
There are several adverbial pronouns:
- Place where: fí(ch) [fʊi̯(x)] “here”, ifie [ˈifi] “there”, pufie [ˈpufi] “where” (interrogative), pufiech [ˈpufix] “where” (relative), velipufie [ˈvɛi̯pufi] “somewhere”, pufiepi [ˈpufipi] “wherever”, nipufie [ˈnipufi] “nowhere”
- Place to: cim(a) [ˈt͡ʃim(a)] “here/hither”, ichá [iˈxɔa̯] “there/thither”, pó [pɔu̯] “where/whither” (interrogative), póch [pɔu̯x] “where/whither” (relative), velipó [vɛi̯ˈpɔu̯] “somewhither”, pópi [ˈpɔu̯pi] “whithersoever”, nipó [niˈpɔu̯] “nowhither”
- Place from: vatie [ˈvat͡ʃi] “hence”, ihtie [ˈʊi̯t͡ʃi] “thence”, puhtie [ˈpʊ̯ɔt͡ʃi] “whence” (interrogative), puhtiech [ˈpʊ̯ɔt͡ʃix] “whence” (relative), velipuhtie [vɛi̯ˈpʊ̯ɔt͡ʃi] “somewhence”, puhtiepi [ˈpʊ̯ɔt͡ʃipi] “whencesoever”, nipuhtie [niˈpʊ̯ɔt͡ʃi] “nowhence”
- Manner: vamé(ch) [vaˈmɛa̯(x)] “like this, this way”, ihmé(ch) [iˈmɛa̯(x)] “like that, that way”, pómi [ˈpɔu̯mi] “how” (interrogative), pómich [ˈpɔu̯mix] “how” (relative), velipómi [vɛi̯ˈpɔu̯mi] “somehow”, pómipi [ˈpɔu̯mipi] “however”, nipómi [niˈpɔu̯mi] “nohow”
- Time: nóm [nɔu̯n] “now”, thóm [tɔu̯n] “then”, pum [pun] “when” (interrogative), pomich [ˈpɔmix] “when” (relative), velipum [ˈvɛi̯pun] “sometime, once (in the past)”, pompi [ˈpɔmpi] “whenever”, nipum [ˈnipun] “never”
- Measure: thothti [ˈtɔjt͡ʃi] “so many/much, this many/much”, pothti [ˈpɔjt͡ʃi] “how many/much” (interrogative), pothtich [ˈpɔjt͡ʃix] “as many/much” (relative), velipothti [ˈvɛi̯pɔjt͡ʃi] “somewhat”, pothtiam [ˈpɔjt͡ʃan] “some, several, a few”, pothtipi [ˈpɔjt͡ʃipi] “however many/much”
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