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Pkhen Lesson I
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An overview of the Pkhen alphabet and the extent of Pkhen grammar
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 21 Jul 2019, 18:24.

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Zhɛɛpkhéná Pɛ́h̠ - Pkhen Alphabet
The Pkhen Alphabet consists of 37 individual letters. The vowels however have three forms - normal, aspirated and long (there is also a long-aspirated form but this is not considered an independant letter and there are multiple ways of forming this).

The Old Pkhén Alphabet

LetterIPAApproximation
'/ʔ/- in Uh-oh
a/a/a in father
á/aʰ/emphatic form of [a]
aa/a:/long form of [a]
æ/æ/a in cat
ǽ/æʰ/emphatic form of [æ]
ææ/æ:/long form of [æ]
b/b/b in bat
c/c/Cyrillic ть
d/d/d in dad
dh/ð/th in father
e/e/e in men
é/eʰ/emphatic form of [e]
ee/e:/long form of [e]
ɛ/ɛ/e in bed
ɛ́/ɛʰ/emphatic form of [ɛ]
ɛɛ/ɛ:/long form of [ɛ]
f/f/f in father
g/g/g in goat
gh/ɣ/[Spanish] g in amigo
h/h/h in hat
/ħ/[Arabic] ح in حال‎‎‎
i/i/ee in free
í/iʰ/emphatic form of [i]
ii/i:/long form of [i]
/ɪ/i in bit
í̠/ɪʰ/emphatic form of [i̠]
i̠i̠/ɪ:/long form of [i̠]
k/k/k in king
m/m/m in mine
n/n/n in nut
o/o/o in go
ó/o:/emphatic form of [o]
oo/o:/long form of [o]
/ɑ/a in bath
ó̠/ɑʰ/emphatic form of [o̠]
o̠o̠/ɑ:/long form of [o̠]
ɔ/ɔ/o in not
ɔ́/ɔʰ/emphatic form of [ɔ]
ɔɔ/ɔ:/long form of [ɔ]
p/p/p in pin
q/q/c in caught [dialectal]
r/r/r in rat [dialectal]
br/ʙ/[Ubykh] ʙ̥ in t͡ʙ̥aχəbza
gr/ʀ/r in red [dialectal]
s/s/s in sing
sh/ʃ/sh in omnishambolic
t/t/t in toy
th/θ/th in synthetic
u/u/oo in boot
ú/uʰ/emphatic form of [u]
uu/u:/long form of [u]
v/v/v in van
kh/x/ck in check in [dialectal]
y/y/ew in few [dialectal]
ý/yʰ/emphatic form of [y]
yy/y:/long form of [y]
z/z/zz in buzz
zh/ʒ/s in treasure


The New Pkhen Alphabet

LetterIPAApproximation
'/ʔ/- in Uh-oh
a/a/a in father
á/a/emphatic form of [a]
aa/a:/long form of [a]
æ/æ/a in cat
ǽ/æ/emphatic form of [æ]
ææ/æ:/long form of [æ]
b/b/b in bat
c/c/Cyrillic ть
d/d/d in dad
dh/ð/th in father
e/e/e in men
é/e/emphatic form of [e]
ee/e:/long form of [e]
ɛ/ɛ/e in bed
ɛ́/ɛ/emphatic form of [ɛ]
ɛɛ/ɛ:/long form of [ɛ]
f/f/f in father
g/g/g in goat
gh/ɣ/[Spanish] g in amigo
h/h/h in hat
/ħ/[Arabic] ح in حال‎‎‎
i/i/ee in free
í/iʰ/emphatic form of [i]
ii/i:/long form of [i]
/ɪ/i in bit
í̠/ɪ/emphatic form of [i̠]
i̠i̠/ɪ:/long form of [i̠]
k/k/k in king
m/m/m in mine
n/n/n in nut
o/o/o in go
ó/o:/emphatic form of [o]
oo/o:/long form of [o]
/ɑ/a in bath
ó̠/ɑ/emphatic form of [o̠]
o̠o̠/ɑ:/long form of [o̠]
ɔ/ɔ/o in not
ɔ́/ɔ/emphatic form of [ɔ]
ɔɔ/ɔ:/long form of [ɔ]
p/p/p in pin
q/q/c in caught [dialectal]
r/r/r in rat [dialectal]
br/ʙ/[Ubykh] ʙ̥ in t͡ʙ̥aχəbza
gr/ʀ/r in red [dialectal]
s/s/s in sing
sh/ʃ/sh in omnishambolic
t/t/t in toy
th/θ/th in synthetic
u/u/oo in boot
ú/u/emphatic form of [u]
uu/u:/long form of [u]
v/v/v in van
kh/x/ck in check in [dialectal]
y/y/ew in few [dialectal]
ý/y/emphatic form of [y]
yy/y:/long form of [y]
z/z/zz in buzz
zh/ʒ/s in treasure


For the purposes of these lessons, the aspiratoin has been left in


Long and Aspirated Vowels
For a vowel to be both long and aspirated, there need to be two of the same vowel next to each other, one or more of which being aspirated.

Here is a table of pronunciation for the letter [a]

PkhénIPA
a/a/
á/aʰ/
aa/a:/
áa*/aʰ:/
/aʰ:/
áá/aʰ:/

*This is very rare

Note that for Modern Pkhén, the aspiration is nullified

Ghrǽ Zhɛɛpkhén - Pkhén Stress
In Pkhén, stress generally occurs on the last syllable of a word's root
Stress is shown in old Pkhén as a line above the neucleus of the syllable

Pkhén WordRootIPAOld Pkhén Word
zholéeboyoolblood/ʒoleʰ:/zhōlée
zhɛ́ɛoléfertilityoolblood/ʒɛʰ:oleʰ/zhɛ́ɛōlé
zhɛɛpékhwordpɛ́h̠alphabet/ʒɛ:peʰx/zhɛɛpé̄kh
PkhénWhat do you think?pɛ́h̠alphabet/pxeʰn/Pkhé̄n
zhɛébɔ́có̠ó̠ýglorybɔ́cland/ʒɛeʰbɔʰcɑʰ:yʰ/zhɛébɔ́̄có̠ó̠ý


Zhɛɛpkhén Pɛ́h̠agr - Pkhen Grammar

Nouns
Pkhen Nouns have eight base cases: NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
, ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
, DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location
, GENGenitive (case)
possessive
, INSInstrumental (case)
'with', 'using'
, LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc
and VOCVocative (case)
'O [addressee]'

Pkhen Nouns have two animacy distinctions: ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving
and INInanimate (gender/class)
for non-living things

Pkhen Nouns have three genders: MASCMasculine (gender)
masculine or male
, FEMFeminine (gender)
feminine or female
and NEUUnknown code
Pkhen Nouns have three numbers: SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
, DUDual (number)
two
and PLPlural (number)
more than one/few


Verbs
Pkhen Verbs have two valence distinctions: TRANSTransitive (valency)
has two arguments
and INTRIntransitive (valency)
has one argument

Pkhen Verbs have 11 persons: 1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
, 2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)
, 3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee
, 1DFirst person dual (person)
we two (inclusive or exclusive)
, 2DSecond person dual (person)
addressee (you two)
, 3DThird person dual (person)
neither speaker nor addressee (they two)
, 1PFirst person plural (person)
we (inclusive or exclusive)
, 2PSecond person plural (person)
addressee (plural)
, 3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them
, 5Fifth person (person)
indefinite or generic; one, "they" say that
and IMPERImpersonal (valency)
Has no arguments

Pkhen Verbs have six tenses: PDISDistant past (tense)
events which occurred a long time ago
, PNEANear past (tense)
past events that occurred recently
, IMMImmediate (tense)
'immediate or near future'
, PREPresent, FNEANear future (tense)
something that will happen in not much time
and FDISDistant future (tense)
something that will happen far into the future

Pkhen Verbs have 13 moods: INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis
, SBJVSubjunctive mood (mood)
desired or possible events
, IMPImperative (mood)
command
, INTERRInterrogative mood (mood)
asks questions
, OPTOptative (mood)
'wish, hope'
, NECNecessitative mood (mood)
must, have to
, DESDesiderative (mood)
wishes, desires, wants
, POTPotential (mood)
likely events, ability
, PERMPermissive (mood)
the action is permitted
, JUSJussive (mood)
command or exhort
, HYPHypothetical (mood)
if, or 'it could be'
, INFRInferential (mood/evidential)
reports or infers without confirming
and CONDConditional (mood)
would

Pkhen Verbs have two base aspects: PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action
, IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'

Pkhen Verbs have four voices: ACTActive voice (valency, volition)
the subject acts, voluntarily
, PASSPassive voice (valency)
be verb-ed
, MIDMiddle voice (valency)
subject is both agent and patient
and ANTIPAntipassive voice (valency)
valency is decreased by one

Pkhen Verbs also have PTCPParticiple
adjectival form of a verb
and GERGerund
verbal noun
forms
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on 31/12/18 20:05-25[Deactivated User]Removed <nomenu> and <noindex> tags
on 31/12/18 20:04+581[Deactivated User]Added _h: pronunciation
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