Pkhen Lesson I
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An overview of the Pkhen alphabet and the extent of Pkhen grammar
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 21 Jul 2019, 18:24.
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1. Compound Words
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3. English Lesson I
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4. Full Names
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6. Pkhen Classes
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7. Pkhen Conscript
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8. Pkhen Dates
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9. Pkhen Lesson I
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10. Pkhen Lesson II
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11. Pkhen Lesson III
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12. Pkhen Lesson IV
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13. Pkhen Lesson V
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14. Pkhén Names
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15. Pkhen Politeness
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17. Pkhen Vulgarity
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18. Pkhenic History
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Zhɛɛpkhéná Pɛ́h̠ - Pkhen AlphabetThe Pkhen Alphabet consists of 37 individual letters. The vowels however have three forms - normal, aspirated and long (there is also a long-aspirated form but this is not considered an independant letter and there are multiple ways of forming this).
The Old Pkhén Alphabet
Letter | IPA | Approximation |
---|---|---|
' | /ʔ/ | - in Uh-oh |
a | /a/ | a in father |
á | /aʰ/ | emphatic form of [a] |
aa | /a:/ | long form of [a] |
æ | /æ/ | a in cat |
ǽ | /æʰ/ | emphatic form of [æ] |
ææ | /æ:/ | long form of [æ] |
b | /b/ | b in bat |
c | /c/ | Cyrillic ть |
d | /d/ | d in dad |
dh | /ð/ | th in father |
e | /e/ | e in men |
é | /eʰ/ | emphatic form of [e] |
ee | /e:/ | long form of [e] |
ɛ | /ɛ/ | e in bed |
ɛ́ | /ɛʰ/ | emphatic form of [ɛ] |
ɛɛ | /ɛ:/ | long form of [ɛ] |
f | /f/ | f in father |
g | /g/ | g in goat |
gh | /ɣ/ | [Spanish] g in amigo |
h | /h/ | h in hat |
h̠ | /ħ/ | [Arabic] ح in حال |
i | /i/ | ee in free |
í | /iʰ/ | emphatic form of [i] |
ii | /i:/ | long form of [i] |
i̠ | /ɪ/ | i in bit |
í̠ | /ɪʰ/ | emphatic form of [i̠] |
i̠i̠ | /ɪ:/ | long form of [i̠] |
k | /k/ | k in king |
m | /m/ | m in mine |
n | /n/ | n in nut |
o | /o/ | o in go |
ó | /o:/ | emphatic form of [o] |
oo | /o:/ | long form of [o] |
o̠ | /ɑ/ | a in bath |
ó̠ | /ɑʰ/ | emphatic form of [o̠] |
o̠o̠ | /ɑ:/ | long form of [o̠] |
ɔ | /ɔ/ | o in not |
ɔ́ | /ɔʰ/ | emphatic form of [ɔ] |
ɔɔ | /ɔ:/ | long form of [ɔ] |
p | /p/ | p in pin |
q | /q/ | c in caught [dialectal] |
r | /r/ | r in rat [dialectal] |
br | /ʙ/ | [Ubykh] ʙ̥ in t͡ʙ̥aχəbza |
gr | /ʀ/ | r in red [dialectal] |
s | /s/ | s in sing |
sh | /ʃ/ | sh in omnishambolic |
t | /t/ | t in toy |
th | /θ/ | th in synthetic |
u | /u/ | oo in boot |
ú | /uʰ/ | emphatic form of [u] |
uu | /u:/ | long form of [u] |
v | /v/ | v in van |
kh | /x/ | ck in check in [dialectal] |
y | /y/ | ew in few [dialectal] |
ý | /yʰ/ | emphatic form of [y] |
yy | /y:/ | long form of [y] |
z | /z/ | zz in buzz |
zh | /ʒ/ | s in treasure |
The New Pkhen Alphabet
Letter | IPA | Approximation |
---|---|---|
' | /ʔ/ | - in Uh-oh |
a | /a/ | a in father |
á | /a/ | emphatic form of [a] |
aa | /a:/ | long form of [a] |
æ | /æ/ | a in cat |
ǽ | /æ/ | emphatic form of [æ] |
ææ | /æ:/ | long form of [æ] |
b | /b/ | b in bat |
c | /c/ | Cyrillic ть |
d | /d/ | d in dad |
dh | /ð/ | th in father |
e | /e/ | e in men |
é | /e/ | emphatic form of [e] |
ee | /e:/ | long form of [e] |
ɛ | /ɛ/ | e in bed |
ɛ́ | /ɛ/ | emphatic form of [ɛ] |
ɛɛ | /ɛ:/ | long form of [ɛ] |
f | /f/ | f in father |
g | /g/ | g in goat |
gh | /ɣ/ | [Spanish] g in amigo |
h | /h/ | h in hat |
h̠ | /ħ/ | [Arabic] ح in حال |
i | /i/ | ee in free |
í | /iʰ/ | emphatic form of [i] |
ii | /i:/ | long form of [i] |
i̠ | /ɪ/ | i in bit |
í̠ | /ɪ/ | emphatic form of [i̠] |
i̠i̠ | /ɪ:/ | long form of [i̠] |
k | /k/ | k in king |
m | /m/ | m in mine |
n | /n/ | n in nut |
o | /o/ | o in go |
ó | /o:/ | emphatic form of [o] |
oo | /o:/ | long form of [o] |
o̠ | /ɑ/ | a in bath |
ó̠ | /ɑ/ | emphatic form of [o̠] |
o̠o̠ | /ɑ:/ | long form of [o̠] |
ɔ | /ɔ/ | o in not |
ɔ́ | /ɔ/ | emphatic form of [ɔ] |
ɔɔ | /ɔ:/ | long form of [ɔ] |
p | /p/ | p in pin |
q | /q/ | c in caught [dialectal] |
r | /r/ | r in rat [dialectal] |
br | /ʙ/ | [Ubykh] ʙ̥ in t͡ʙ̥aχəbza |
gr | /ʀ/ | r in red [dialectal] |
s | /s/ | s in sing |
sh | /ʃ/ | sh in omnishambolic |
t | /t/ | t in toy |
th | /θ/ | th in synthetic |
u | /u/ | oo in boot |
ú | /u/ | emphatic form of [u] |
uu | /u:/ | long form of [u] |
v | /v/ | v in van |
kh | /x/ | ck in check in [dialectal] |
y | /y/ | ew in few [dialectal] |
ý | /y/ | emphatic form of [y] |
yy | /y:/ | long form of [y] |
z | /z/ | zz in buzz |
zh | /ʒ/ | s in treasure |
For the purposes of these lessons, the aspiratoin has been left in
Long and Aspirated Vowels
For a vowel to be both long and aspirated, there need to be two of the same vowel next to each other, one or more of which being aspirated.
Here is a table of pronunciation for the letter [a]
Pkhén | IPA |
---|---|
a | /a/ |
á | /aʰ/ |
aa | /a:/ |
áa* | /aʰ:/ |
aá | /aʰ:/ |
áá | /aʰ:/ |
*This is very rare
Note that for Modern Pkhén, the aspiration is nullified
Ghrǽ Zhɛɛpkhén - Pkhén Stress
In Pkhén, stress generally occurs on the last syllable of a word's root
Stress is shown in old Pkhén as a line above the neucleus of the syllable
Pkhén Word | Root | IPA | Old Pkhén Word |
---|---|---|---|
zholéeboy | oolblood | /ʒoleʰ:/ | zhōlée |
zhɛ́ɛoléfertility | oolblood | /ʒɛʰ:oleʰ/ | zhɛ́ɛōlé |
zhɛɛpékhword | pɛ́h̠alphabet | /ʒɛ:peʰx/ | zhɛɛpé̄kh |
PkhénWhat do you think? | pɛ́h̠alphabet | /pxeʰn/ | Pkhé̄n |
zhɛébɔ́có̠ó̠ýglory | bɔ́cland | /ʒɛeʰbɔʰcɑʰ:yʰ/ | zhɛébɔ́̄có̠ó̠ý |
Zhɛɛpkhén Pɛ́h̠agr - Pkhen Grammar
Nouns
Pkhen Nouns have eight base cases: NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument, ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient, DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location, GENGenitive (case)
possessive, INSInstrumental (case)
'with', 'using', LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc and VOCVocative (case)
'O [addressee]'
Pkhen Nouns have two animacy distinctions: ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving and INInanimate (gender/class)
for non-living things
Pkhen Nouns have three genders: MASCMasculine (gender)
masculine or male, FEMFeminine (gender)
feminine or female and NEUUnknown code
Pkhen Nouns have three numbers: SGSingular (number)
one countable entity, DUDual (number)
two and PLPlural (number)
more than one/few
Verbs
Pkhen Verbs have two valence distinctions: TRANSTransitive (valency)
has two arguments and INTRIntransitive (valency)
has one argument
Pkhen Verbs have 11 persons: 1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I, 2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you), 3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, 1DFirst person dual (person)
we two (inclusive or exclusive), 2DSecond person dual (person)
addressee (you two), 3DThird person dual (person)
neither speaker nor addressee (they two), 1PFirst person plural (person)
we (inclusive or exclusive), 2PSecond person plural (person)
addressee (plural), 3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them, 5Fifth person (person)
indefinite or generic; one, "they" say that and IMPERImpersonal (valency)
Has no arguments
Pkhen Verbs have six tenses: PDISDistant past (tense)
events which occurred a long time ago, PNEANear past (tense)
past events that occurred recently, IMMImmediate (tense)
'immediate or near future', PREPresent, FNEANear future (tense)
something that will happen in not much time and FDISDistant future (tense)
something that will happen far into the future
Pkhen Verbs have 13 moods: INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis, SBJVSubjunctive mood (mood)
desired or possible events, IMPImperative (mood)
command, INTERRInterrogative mood (mood)
asks questions, OPTOptative (mood)
'wish, hope', NECNecessitative mood (mood)
must, have to, DESDesiderative (mood)
wishes, desires, wants, POTPotential (mood)
likely events, ability, PERMPermissive (mood)
the action is permitted, JUSJussive (mood)
command or exhort, HYPHypothetical (mood)
if, or 'it could be', INFRInferential (mood/evidential)
reports or infers without confirming and CONDConditional (mood)
would
Pkhen Verbs have two base aspects: PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action, IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'
Pkhen Verbs have four voices: ACTActive voice (valency, volition)
the subject acts, voluntarily, PASSPassive voice (valency)
be verb-ed, MIDMiddle voice (valency)
subject is both agent and patient and ANTIPAntipassive voice (valency)
valency is decreased by one
Pkhen Verbs also have PTCPParticiple
adjectival form of a verb and GERGerund
verbal noun forms ✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article
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on 31/12/18 20:05-25[Deactivated User]Removed <nomenu> and <noindex> tags
on 31/12/18 20:04+581[Deactivated User]Added _h: pronunciation