"to have" in Kavrinian
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6. Non-finite clause
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11. Use of kay/toy/ne/ha
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This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
Like many other languages, but unlike English, there are no verbs equivalent to "to have" in Kavrinian, but there are several constructions that are used to express the meaning of "to have something".
One of the common ways to express "X has Y" is to use the construction "X-DAT a Y ne/ha", which is literally translated as "there's a Y at X", the predicate is "ne" and its inflections if Y(the possessee) is animate; and the predicate is ha if Y(the possessee) is inanimate.
This construction is especially commonly used when the possessee is an animate object. For example:
- Henian a nanel ne - Henia-DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location at cat be.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving.HABHabitual (aspect)
done often or out of habit - Henia has a cat. or There's a cat at Henia
- Henian a vuu yee ha - Henia-DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location at big house be.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.INANInanimate (gender/class)
inanimate, sessile.HABHabitual (aspect)
done often or out of habit - Henia has a big house or There's a house at Henia.
The negation of "ne" is nha, the negation of "ha" is nho. For example:
- Henian a nanel nha - Henia-DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location at cat not.be.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving.HABHabitual (aspect)
done often or out of habit - Henia does not have a cat. or There are no cats at Henia
- Henian a vuu yee nho - Henia-DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location at big house not.be.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.INANInanimate (gender/class)
inanimate, sessile.HABHabitual (aspect)
done often or out of habit - Henia does not have a big house or There are no houses at Henia.
Another common way to express the meaning "X has Y" is to use the construction "Y-DAT të X ne/ha", which is literally translated as "X is with Y", the predicate is "ne" and its inflections if X(the possessor) is animate; and the predicate is ha if X(the possessor) is inanimate. For example:
- nanelën të ne Henia - cat-DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location with be.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving.HABHabitual (aspect)
done often or out of habit Henia - Henia has a cat or Henia is with a cat
Note the place of X and Y, the placing of X and Y is different from the construction "X-DAT a Y ne/ha".
The negation of "ne" is nha, the negation of "ha" is nho. For example:
- nanelën të nha Henia - cat-DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location with not.be.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving.HABHabitual (aspect)
done often or out of habit Henia - Henia does not have a cat or Henia is not with a cat
The construction "Y-ACC oč X", which is literally translated as "X holds Y", is also used to express the meaning "X has Y", but the use is not as common as the constructions "X-DAT a Y ne/ha" and "Y-DAT të X ne/ha" listed above, and is more used when the possessee is an inanimate objects. For example:
- vuu yee oči Henia - blg house hold-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.HABHabitual (aspect)
done often or out of habit Henia - Henia has a big house or Henia holds a big house
The construction "Y-ACC hag X", which is literally translated as "X gets Y", is also occasionally used to express the meaning "X has Y", but this construction is mostly used only when there's an aux verb which suggests the acquirement or change of the ownership of the possessee, and this construction is often used when there is an aux verb. For example:
- vuu yee hag alhi Henia - blg house get-INFInfinitive (TAM)
non-tensed verb want-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.HABHabitual (aspect)
done often or out of habit Henia - Henia wants to have a big house or Henia wants to get a big house
To express "X does not have Y", besides using negations on the forms listed above, the construction "Y-ACC naa X ne/ha" , which is literally translated as "X is without Y", can also be used. In this construction, the predicate is "ne" and its inflections if X(the possessor) is animate; and the predicate is ha if X(the possessor) is inanimate. For example:
- nanelu naa ne Henia - cat-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient without be.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving.HABHabitual (aspect)
done often or out of habit Henia - Henia does not have a cat or Henia is without a cat ✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article
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