Hosul Shenanigans
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Hey-be onge-deuho!*
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 14 May 2020, 19:44.
[comments] hosul
2. Hosul Idioms
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3. Hosul Numerals
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4. Hosul Shenanigans
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5. Ogmyeuk and Stuff
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*means 'look here!' coz vocab is limited :POriginally, in earlier forms of the language, only <g> /k/ existed, with /k/ being aspirated when word-final. But then, the Hosul speakers decided to distinguish this phoneme by adding <k> /kʰ/ into the alphabet. Therefore, words like beog /pʌkʰ/ morphed into beok /pʌkʰ/. A further change was seen when the grapheme 'b' morphed into 'pp' and /kʰ/ lost its aspiration, meaning that beok /pʌkʰ/ turned into ppeok /p:ʌk/.
Hosul verbs have no classes. Early Hosul speakers valued uniform languages and disliked irregular forms. As a result, nearly all Hosul verbs follow the same conjugation patterns (excluding the two copulas, 'nu' meaning 'to be' and 'nuyeong' meaning 'to become'. I will go over these conjugations in the next section.
Another thing to note is the infinitive ending '-ryusupp', which is regarded to be quite formal and only ever used when a) a clear distinction is needed in speech, or b) the verb is being displayed in a dictionary.
The standard conjugations for Hosul verbs are as follows:
e.g. 'hey-ryusupp' to look
Present hey
Past hey-upp
Imperfect past hey-eok
Future hey-aeho
Imperative hey-ppe
Transitive marker* hey-ppohos
Intransitive marker* hey-usppo
*these are only used when a distinction is needed, in situations such as:
'Do you have food?'
'Yes, I have'
Note that the response uses the main verb 'have', not the auxiliary 'do'.
Also, all conjugation suffixes are separated from the main verb root with a hyphen. This also applies to noun declinations.
As mentioned above, the two copulas in Hosul are 'nu-ryusupp' meaning 'to be' and 'nuyeong-ryusupp' meaning 'to become'. These two take a different conjugation pattern from standard Hosul verbs.
'nu-ryusupp' to be
Present nu
Imperfect past neok
Future naeho
Imperative nu-ppe
Transitive marker nos
Intransitive marker nusppo
'nu-ryusupp' does not have a past tense form.
'nuyeong-ryusupp' to be
Present nuyeong
Past nuyupp
Imperfect past nuyeok
Future nuyaeho
Imperative nuyepp
Transitive marker nuyos
Intransitive marker nuyusppo
Negatives for both forms are indicated by the particle 'seo'.
Moods are indicated using auxiliary verbs:
jyos (can, could, ability)
supp (must, should, obligatory)
yeosppo (want, desiderative)
Hosul has two animacy distinctions that are very straightforward. Each animacy class has its own declinations.
Animate
e.g. 'ttengos' human
Ergative ttengos
Absolutive ttengos-onke
Plural ttengos-nohe
Dative ttengos-ppe
Genitive ttengos-ero
Essive ttengos-ok
Instrumental ttengos-egusyo
Inanimate
e.g. 'lyeuho' chair
Ergative lyeuho
Absolutive on-lyeuho
Plural ho-lyeuho
Dative epp-lyeuho
Genitive reo-lyeuho
Essive ok-lyeuho
Instrumental egu-lyeuho
There are three unique pronouns, which can be pluralised. The declinations are as follows.
| — | 1 | 2 | 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| ERG | yeu | je | ttu |
| ABS | yeun | jen | tteon |
| PL | yeuho | jeho | ttuho |
| DAT | yeuppo | jeppo | ttupo |
| GEN | yeuro | jero | tturo |
| ESS | yeuk | jek | ttuk |
| INS | yeugo | jego | ttugo |
Hosul speakers always put primary stress on the verb of the sentence, and secondary stress on the subject. For example:
Jyusjo ngos-onke nu.
The king is a man.
Red shows primary stress, whereas green shows secondary stress. Note that the word order does not change the intonation. Therefore:
Jyusjo nu ngos-onke.
And so on. Prosodical intonation also lends itself to the structure of Hosul poetry, where conventional word order is tweaked to allow for experiments with prosody in each verse (some Hosul speakers argue that there is actually no poetry - only songs, hymns and other music). For example:
Ryeuje yeuho-onke seo ngyeujo,
fire 1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument NEGNegative (polarity)
not.make
Eppeo seo eheo yeuho-onke,
water NEGNegative (polarity)
not.wear_down 1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument
Yeu yeuho-onke seo koyeu,
air 1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument NEGNegative (polarity)
not.sway
Lyeug-nohe reo-uhopp, nu yeuho
child.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument earth.GENGenitive (case)
possessive be.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current 1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few
Fire does not make us,
Water does not wear us,
The air does not sway us,
Children of the earth are we
And the syllable structure + intonation (with 1 # being 1 syllable) would be:
######### (9)
######### (9)
######## (8)
######### (9)
As shown, conventional Hosul word order (SOV and SVO) is changed for poetic purposes.
Hosul uses an intensifying particle, 'go', which is very similar in terms of usage to the Malay particle 'lah'. An example of 'go' in use:
Tteon jyae-upp, go.
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument go-PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech-EMPEmphatic
stressed or emphasised
He went away (duh).
Another particle Hosul uses is the particle 'jyos', which is similar to the 'right' in 'He's here, right?'. An example of 'jyos' in use:
Tteon jyae-upp, jyos?
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument go-PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech-YNYes-no question (mood)
interrogative requiring yes or no answer
He went away, right?/He's gone away, hasn't he?
WIP.......:P
Ryeuje yeoho-onke seo ngyeujo.
Fire does not make us.
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