Naduta Verb Root Forms: view article

Naduta has 11 different types of verb stem which are divided up based on how they interact with verbal suffixes. These 11 types can be classified into three broad categories: regular stems, eliding stems, and epenthetic stems. I will briefly explain them below.

Regular stems
As one would imagine, regular stems are the most frequent and easiest to understand. These may end in a consonant or vowel. Type 1, C-stem, and type 2, V-stem, accept suffixes without alteration in the stem or affix. The only difference is the nominative suffix of the gerund, which is -ne for C-stems and -n for V-stems.

Type 3 is the u-stem. This differs from other V-stems in only one way: when the suffix -wa is added, the stem-final /u/ and the /w/ of the suffix are both dropped.

Type 4 is the h-stem. Like u-stems, it differs from other C-stems in only one way: the modal suffix -hi becomes -ki after h-stem verbs.

Type 5 is the y-stem, Once again, it differs from other C-stems in only one way: when it combines with the modal suffix -hi, the /h/ of the suffix produces a breathy consonant: that is, it combines with the final /j/ of the verb stem to produced a devoiced /j̊/.

Eliding stems
There are two types of eliding stem:

Type 6 is the ptk-stem. These stems end in the consonants /p/, /t/, or /k/ which are elided in most verb forms. However, they are preserved in two cases: when the stem is compounded with a following morpheme that begins with a vowel, and when combined with the modal stem, whose initial /h/, as with type 5 verbs, produces the breathy counterparts to these letters /pʰ/, /tʰ/, /kʰ/. In addition, the consonant is preserved in the gerund, which always takes the nominative suffix -en, not found on the gerund of any other verb type.

*Type 6 ptk-stems ending in /u/ are not subject to the elision that occurs in type 7 w-stems described below.

Type 7 is the w-stem. In most environments, the /w/ is realized as /u/, but it functions identically to the first two rules of type 6 above, but with /w/ in place of /p/, /t/, or /k/. In addition, the /w/ is elided entirely before the suffix -wa. The gerund, however, unlike the gerund of ptk-stems, changes /w/ to /u/ and takes the suffix -n.

Epenthetic stems
There are four types of epenthetic stems. The one commonality between all epenthetic stems is that no vowel occurs when the stem is compounded with another stem beginning with a vowel.

Type 8 is the i/e-stem. This stem shows variation between /i/ and /e/ before various endings. In most cases the ending is /i/, but its adverbial (-wa), attributive (-da), and gerund (-n) forms instead take /e/.

Type 9, the u/a-stem, functions identically to type 8, but with /u/ as the standard vowel, and /a/ as the vowel before the adverbial, attributive, and gerund endings.

Type 10, the i-stem, and type 11, the u-stem, function more regularly than the stems above in that there is no alteration to a different vowel. However, as with all epenthetic stems, the /i/ and /u/ do not occur before stems beginning with vowels.

Following is a chart that demonstrates all eleven stems:

		stem	personal ending	consonant compound	vowel compound	modal	adverbial	attributive	gerund
regular stems	C-stem	査 phus-	査m phus-mu	査-C phus-C	査-V phus-V	査満 phus-hi	査角 phus-wa	査h phus-da	査e phus-ne
	V-stem	層 ge-	層M ge-mu	層-C ge-C	層-V ge-V	層満 ge-hi	層角 ge-wa	層h ge-da	層e ge-n
	u-stem	話 anu-	話m anu-mu	話-C anu-C	話-V anu-V	話満 anu-hi	話角 an-a	話h anu-da	話e anu-n
	h-stem	落 buh-	落m buh-mu	落-C buh-C	落-V buh-V	落刃 buh-ki	落x buwh-a	落h buh-da	落e buh-ne
	y-stem	焼 muy-	焼 X muy-mu	焼-C muy-C	焼-V muy-V	焼膝 muyh-i	焼 8 muy-wa	焼 g muy-da	焼2 muy-ne
eliding stems	ptk-stem	戦 su(t)-	戦 X su-mu	戦-C su-C	戦-V sut-V	戦小火 suth-i	戦 8 su-wa	戦 g su-da	戦2 sut-en
eliding stems	w-stem	歩走 huu-	歩走m huu-mu	歩走-C huu-C	歩走-V huw-V	歩走釘 huwh-i	歩走角 hu-wa	歩走h huu-da	歩走e huu-n
epenthetic stems	i/e-stem	播 sat(i/e)-	播 sati-mu	播-C sati-C	播-V sat-V	播満 sati-hi	播角 sate-wa	播h sate-da	播e sate-n
	u/a-stem	告 men(u/a)-	告 X menu-mu	告-C menu-C	告-V men-V	告満 menu-hi	告8 mena-wa	告g mena-da	告& mena-n
	i-stem	失 rag(i)-	失m ragi-mu	失-C ragi-C	失-V rag-V	失満 ragi-hi	失角 ragi-wa	失h ragi-da	失e ragi-n
	u-stem	稼 kek(u)-	稼m keku-mu	稼-C keku-C	稼-V kek-V	稼満 keku-hi	稼角 keku-wa	稼h keku-da	稼e keku-n

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