Affixes and the derivational process
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This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 1 Mar 2020, 00:02.
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This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
[top]Introduction: Types of affixes
[top]Derivational Affixes
[top]Accessory Affixes
Syntax
| Focus | Suffix | Alternative | Cluster | Core Meaning | Specific Meaning | Example (if needed) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADJ (INANInanimate (gender/class) inanimate, sessile or ANAnimate (gender/class) alive, moving) | -armo -ormo | -narmo1 -pormo1 | are+mbo ore+mbo | Relative clause | Marks an upcoming relative clause; actually not used | |
| ADJ (ABSTAbstract (gender/class) abstract, intangible, idea+) | -aelmo3 | -ssaelmo3 | aele+mbo | Relative clause | Marks an upcoming relative clause; actually not used | |
| ADV (INANInanimate (gender/class) inanimate, sessile or ANAnimate (gender/class) alive, moving) | -mbri | -mbor | mb+(o)ri | Adverb-Adjective | Usally means "X [is (adjective)-ly] [adjective]"; may be a metaphor/synaesthesia as well | |
| ADV (ABSTAbstract (gender/class) abstract, intangible, idea+) | -mbel | mb+(e)li | Adverb-Adjective | Usally means "X [is (adjective)-ly] [adjective]"; may be a metaphor/synaesthesia as well | ||
| NM (INANInanimate (gender/class) inanimate, sessile or ANAnimate (gender/class) alive, moving) | -qur | -gur | qu+(o)ri | Nominaliser | May have other functions | |
| NM (ABSTAbstract (gender/class) abstract, intangible, idea+) | -qul | -cul | qu+(e)li | Nominaliser | May have other functions | |
| NM | -qumbo | -cumo3 | qu+mbo | Participle | A common past participle as in "burned" | |
| ADJ (INANInanimate (gender/class) inanimate, sessile or ANAnimate (gender/class) alive, moving) | -arec -orec2 | are+qi ore+qi | Denotes capability | As in "wear" > wearable (isn't productive anymore) | ||
| ADJ (ABSTAbstract (gender/class) abstract, intangible, idea+) | -aelec | aele+qi | Denotes capability | As in "wear" > wearable (preferential) | ||
| "ADV" | -mboy | -moy3 | mb(o)+y | Possession | Nominal genitive version | |
| 1 Because /mb/ is a variation of /m/ not /b/, it may simply change to a single /m/ when there's nasal/bilabial near. 2 Do not mistake with "orec", it means house. 3 May be an exception to the rules OR it may be a simplification. | ||||||
Semantic (prefix)
| Prefix | Alternative | Cluster | Core Meaning | Specific Meaning | Example (if needed) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| urn(e)- | ur+ne | Causative | causes empathy/peace or similar | ||
| zen(e)- | z(e)+ne | Causative | causes cooperation or similar | ||
| hwone(w)- | hwo+ne | Causative | that is helpful/useful | ||
| mutn(e)- | mut+ne | Causative | causes acceptance | ||
| cwane(w)- | cwa+ne | Causative | that is present/have something | ||
| urg(u)- | ur+g | Causative | causes revenge/war or similar | ||
| zug(u)- | z(u)+g | Causative | causes conflict or similar | ||
| hwog(u)- | hwo+g | Causative | that is worthless/useless | ||
| mutg(u)- | mut+g | Causative | causes rejection | ||
| cwag(u)- | cwa+g | Causative | that is absent/have nothing | ||
| urwon(o)- | ur+won | "State" aspect | same/exactly as | ||
| zowon(o)- | zwon(o)- | z(o)+won | "State" aspect | derives from | |
| niiwon(o)- | nwon(o)- | nii+won | "State" aspect | that is positive | |
| guwon(o)- | gwon(o)- | gu+won | "State" aspect | that is negative | |
| mutwon(o)- | mut+won | "State" aspect | that is repeated/always happen | ||
| cawon(o)- | cwon(o)- | c[w]a+won | "State" aspect | that is lasting/permanent | |
| urmur(u)- | ur+mur | Numeric | zero/by zero | ||
| zumur(u)- | z(u)+mur | Numeric | thousand/by thousands | ||
| niimur(u)- | mnur(u)- | mii+mur | Numeric | hundred/by hundreds | |
| gumur(u)- | gmur(u)- | gu+mur | Numeric | fraction | |
| hwomur(u)- | hwo+mur | Numeric | million/by millions | ||
| cwamur(u)- | cwa+mur | Numeric | o' clock | ||
| urac(a)- | ur+ac | "Time" aspect | "useful"/"needed" | ||
| zac(a)- | z+ac | "Time" aspect | always/eternal/infinite | ||
| nyac(a)- | nii+ac | "Time" aspect | before/pre- | ||
| gwac(a)- | gu+ac | "Time" aspect | after/pos- | ||
| hwac(a)- | hw[o]+ac | "Time" aspect | future/foreseen | ||
| mutac(a)- | mut+ac | "Time" aspect | real/factual | ||
| urhe(y)- | ur+he | Adjective | that is a support | ||
| zehe(y)- | z(e)+he | Adjective | that is a collection | ||
| nye(y)- | nii+he | Adjective | that is a gift/blessing | ||
| gwe(y)- | gu+he | Adjective | that is a plage/curse | ||
| hwohe(y)- | hwoye(y)- | hwo+he | Adjective | that is a guide/intuition | |
| muthe(y)- | mut+he | Adjective | that is a way/form/direction | ||
| cwahe(y)- | cwa+he | Adjective | that is a fate/destiny/oath | ||
| yen(e)- | ye+ne | Nominaliser | creates study areas as in -logy | ||
| yeg(e)- | ye+g | Nominaliser | creates disorder names as -ism | ||
| ewon(e)- | ye+won | Nominaliser | creates names for astronomy | ||
| yemur(e)- | yem(e)- | ye+mur | Nominaliser | creates eras/eons/periods (may replace the word "minute") | |
| eyac(e)- | ye+ac | Nominaliser | creates settlement names as -ville | ||
| Total of prefixes: 40 | |||||
Semantic (suffix)
| Suffix | Alternative | Cluster | Core Meaning | Specific Meaning | Example (if needed) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -haje | ha+ze | Derivational | Same as "-ze" but for constructed verbs | ||
| -dyah | nd+yah | Pseudoverb | "feel" - only ADJ | ||
| -xyah | x+yah | Pseudoverb | "speak/talk" only ADJ/ADV | ||
| -jyah | j+yah | Pseudoverb | "know" only ADV | ||
| -hyah | h+yah | Pseudoverb | "be always" only ADJ | ||
| -ctyah | ct+yah | Pseudoverb | "be (identity)" only ADJ | ||
| -nyah | ng+yah | Pseudoverb | "be (right now) only ADJ | ||
| -layah | la+yah | Pseudoverb | "have/get" only ADJ/NM | ||
| -neyah | ne+yah | Pseudoverb | "do (something good)" ADJ,ADV,NM | ||
| -gyah | g+yah | Pseudoverb | "do (something bad)" ADJ,ADV,NM | ||
| -ndeze | nd(e)+ze | Numeric | creates a divisive number | ||
| -ndihi | nd(i)+hi | Numeric | creates a ordinal number | ||
| -ndactu | nd(a)+ctu | Comparative OBJ | For objects; "[X is less (quality) than] Y" | ||
| -ndoagi | -degi | nd+oagi | "Smallness" | A simple diminutive, AGE, may sound informal | |
| -ndalae | -dlae | nd(a)+lae | "Smallness" | "compartment/section of" | |
| -ndath | nd+ath | "Smallness" | that is childish/for children | ||
| -ndos | nd+os | "Smallness" | "phrase/poem about" | ||
| -xeze | x(e)+ze | Numeric | creates a multiplicative number | ||
| -xihi | x(i)+hi | Numeric | creates a collective number | ||
| -xactu | x(a)+ctu | Comparative OBJ | For objects; "[X is more (quality) than] Y" | ||
| -xoagi | -xegi | x+oagi | "Bigness" | A simple augmentative, AGE | |
| -xalae | x(a)+lae | "Bigness" | "place/space of" | ||
| -xath | x+ath | "Bigness" | that is adult/for adults | ||
| -xos | x+os | "Bigness" | "text/essay about" | ||
| -jihi | j(i)+hi | Characteristic | teacher of/that teaches something | ||
| -jectu | j(e)+ctu | Characteristic | expert of/that well-knows something, AGE | ||
| -joagi | j+oagi | Characteristic | friend of/that associates something, AGE | ||
| -jelae | j(e)+lae | Characteristic | owner of/that owns something, AGE | ||
| -jath | j+ath | Characteristic | seller of/that sells something, AGE | ||
| -jos | j+os | Characteristic | adept,follower of/that follows something, AGE | ||
| -hant | h+ant | "Measure" | a bit/scarce | ||
| -haox | h+aox | "Measure" | a lot/exceeding | ||
| -heze | h(e)+ze | "Measure" | that divides/half of something | ||
| -hectu | h(e)+ctu | "Measure" | that completes,fulfills/totality of something | ||
| -hoagi | h+oagi | "Measure" | archaic/old | ||
| -helae | h(e)+lae | "Measure" | modern/new | ||
| -hath | h+ath | "Measure" | by vision/that sees | ||
| -hos | h+os | "Measure" | by voice/that speaks | ||
| -ctant | ct+ant | Comparative AGE | For agent; "[X is less (quality) than] Y" | ||
| -ctaox | ct+aox | Comparative AGE | For agent; "[X is more (quality) than] Y" | ||
| -cteze | ct(e)+ze | Superlative + OBJ | the most/best (quality) as in -est | ||
| -ctihi | ct(i)+hi | Method | in the form of/ as in -like | ||
| -ctoagi | -ctegi | ct+oagi | Method | when (only for narrative, poetry, music, storytelling) | |
| -ctilae | ct(i)+lae | Method | where (only for narrative, poetry, music, storytelling) | ||
| -ctath | ct+ath | Method | who (only for narrative, poetry, music, storytelling) | ||
| -ctos | ct+os | Method | how (only for narrative, poetry, music, storytelling) | ||
| -nyant | ng+ant | Collective | of dates (as in calendars) | ||
| -nyaox | ng+aox | Collective | of years | ||
| -nyeje | ng(e)+ze | Collective | of specific people (may replace "worker") | ||
| -nyi | ng+hi | Collective | of inanimate/man-made objects | ||
| -nyectu | ng(e)+ctu | Collective | of names (does not include the collectives itselves) | ||
| -nyelae | ng(e)+lae | Collective | of dwellings (animal or human) | ||
| -ngath | ng+ath | Collective | of inhabitants (animal or human) | ||
| -ngos | ng+os | Collective | of languages (may means "dialect", "branch") | ||
| -lant | la+ant | OBJ VERSION | A simple diminutive, OBJ, may sound informal | ||
| -laox | la+aox | OBJ VERSION | A simple augmentative, OBJ | ||
| -laze | la+ze | Superlative - OBJ | the least/worst (quality) as in -est | ||
| -lahi | la+hi | OBJ VERSION | in the form of/ as in -like (OBJ) | ||
| -lactu | la+ctu | OBJ VERSION | expert of/that well-knows something, OBJ | ||
| -lagi | la+oagi | OBJ VERSION | friend of/that associates something, OBJ | ||
| -lala | la+la | OBJ VERSION | owner of/that owns something, OBJ | ||
| -lath | la+ath | OBJ VERSION | seller of/that sells something, OBJ | ||
| -laos | la+os | OBJ VERSION | adept,follower of/that follows something, OBJ | ||
| -niji | ne+ze | Honorific | respectful honorific (or to people "higher" than you) | ||
| -nehi | ne+hi | Surrogate ADJ | common/that is boring | ||
| -nectu | ne+ctu | Superlative + AGE | the most/best (quality) as in -est | ||
| -negi | ne+oagi | Surrogate ADJ | good/pleasant (must have a special menaing) | ||
| -nelae | -nlae | ne+lae | Surrogate ADJ | the born of (usually metaphoric) | |
| -neath | ne+ath | Surrogate ADJ | that is zealous/loyal | ||
| -neos | ne+os | Surrogate ADJ | the right/true one | ||
| -giji | g(i)+ze | Honorific | unrespectful honorific (or to people "lower" than you) | ||
| -guhi | g(u)+hi | Surrogate ADJ | uncommon/that is unique | ||
| -guctu | g(u)+ctu | Superlative - AGE | the least/worst (quality) as in -est | ||
| -goagi | -gegi | g+oagi | Surrogate ADJ | bad/annoying (must have a special meaning) | |
| -gelae | -glae | g(e)+lae | Surrogate ADJ | the funeral of (usually metaphoric) | |
| -gath | g+ath | Surrogate ADJ | that is uncareful/suspect | ||
| -gos | g+os | Surrogate ADJ | the wrong/fake one | ||
| Total of suffixes: 77 | |||||
| 1 2 | |||||
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