Lulian verbs
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Verb declension, tense, mood, aspect, and so on
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 17 Mar 2020, 23:00.
[comments] llhverbtransitivityvalencypassivevoicetripartitemoodaspecttense
2. Lulian numbers
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4. Lulian pronouns
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5. Lulian verbs
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There are three basic tenses: Non-future (NFUTNon-future (tense)
past and present), which covers both present and past actions; Immediate-future (IMMImmediate (tense)
'immediate or near future'), for imminent actions about to happen; and Future (FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech), for general future events that may or may not be imminent.
Verbs in their regular form default to Non-future tense. Both transitive and intransitive verbs end with an ejective consonant preceded by a short consonant (a creaky-voice consonant in intransitives, a fricative in transitives). To indicate Immediate-future tense this penultimate short consonant is lengthened into long form. The general Future tense is indicated by lengthening it to double-long form.
For example, in the intransitive verb t'ssq'ilx' (hunger) the creaky-voiced l before the final ejective x' is lengthened to indicate tense:
t'ssq'ilx'
hunger[ NFUTNon-future (tense)
past and present ]
t'ssq'illx'
hunger-IMMImmediate (tense)
'immediate or near future'
t'ssq'illlx'
hunger-FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech
In the transitive verb qx̣'iggtc'kx'zq' (build) the fricative z before the final ejective q' is lengthened:
qx̣'iggtc'kx'zq'
build[ NFUTNon-future (tense)
past and present ]
qx̣'iggtc'kx'zzq'
build-IMMImmediate (tense)
'immediate or near future'
qx̣'iggtc'kx'zzzq'
build-FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech
Verbs are given mood by clitic prefixes:
| Ulyan | Mood | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| qx̣'llu- | IMPImperative (mood) command imperative | Command |
| q'xi- | PROHProhibitive (mood) negative imperative prohibitive | Negative imperative |
| rrrxi- | INTERRInterrogative mood (mood) asks questions interrogative | Asks question |
| ts'x̣i- | PERMPermissive (mood) the action is permitted permissive | Action is permitted |
| yx̣u- | OPTOptative (mood) 'wish, hope' optative | Wish |
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